[meteorite-list] US Regulations Governing Antarctic Meteorites

From: Sterling K. Webb <sterling_k_webb_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Wed Aug 16 00:15:23 2006
Message-ID: <007501c6c0e7$b1e82fc0$6a4fe146_at_ATARIENGINE>

Hi, Ron, List,


    I think we all knew the sale of any national Antarctic
rocks from space would land us in a non-countryclub
federal pokey for a long, long time.

    My point was that such things are governed by totally
arbitrary fiat. Nothing could demonstrate that better than
these documents.

    Of course, everything is being done in Antarctica, by
all nations concerned, out of the pure desire to the "right
thing" -- now. No exploitation, no national claims, no
nothing -- hands off! Well, OK, thousands of humans
are there doing things all the time, but their motives are
pure and their hands are clean (and scientific) -- and it's
true!

    Fast forward to 2118. The population of the planet is
18.7 billion people, almost all living at the "just-barely"
level, crippled economically by sealevel rises and vast
displaced populations. Liquid fossil fuel is still available --
if you're a trillionaire. 17,432 nuclear power plants, old and
desperately overloaded, attempt to keep the World Grid
on-line 4 hours a day per area. The predominate source of
energy is coal, something the world still has -- and 90%
of that resource now remaining is located in Antarctica.
http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050692.html

    No, no, I'm all wrong. The year 2118 is a human
paradise on Earth, with 8 billion healthy well-educated
prosperous people. Endless power pours from the
satellite solar stations. The species Man lives on three
worlds of the solar system. The flow of resources from
the mining the asteroids makes scarcity of any kind
a nightmare from the "bad old days."

    In Scenario One, the Antarctic Treaty has the life
expectancy of the proverbial snowball, and it doesn't
matter a bit that it's a BIG snowball. The provision
banning mineral exploitation expires in 2048. Once the
supertankers are collecting Ross Shelf oil and gas, can
the coal mines be far away? Unlike other world powers,
the United States has made no territorial claims in
Antarctica, though it reserves the right to do so, nor
does it recognize the claims of any other state. Handy,
that last part, about not recognizing existing claims...

    How much regard will the world of 2118, Scenario
One version, have for a 175 year old piece of paper?
Show me an 1849 idealistic treaty that's still enforced
today. Ask your local native American tribe...

    Back to the present day. God did not scribe these
regulations on a slab of basalt on a mountain in the
Sinai. A Committee did. One which asserts, by the way,
that they are not bound by the Office of Information
and Regulatory Affairs, nor the Unfunded Mandate
Reform Act of 1995. In particular, they certify that
"this rule will not have significant impact on a
substantial number of small businesses." If I've got
that last part right, they are saying that these "stones"
have no commercial value to a small business. Do the
meteorite dealers on this List agree that access to
Antarctic stones would be economically worthless
to their small businesses?

    One Congressman slips one sentence into any
fat, 834-page Bill that needs passing and which nobody
will ever read before voting on (they don't, you know)
that says, "Under the provision of the Protocol on
Environmental Protection to the Antarctic and all
other applicable agreements, meteorites are not to
be considered mineral resources, and their collection,
curation, and ownership shall be made available to
any citizen of the United States, its Territories and
Possessions." And even if some Congressmen read
it, what's the big deal? Sounds good to me... Then
it's time to write new Regs, as directed by the ever-
wise Congress of these United States. Who here
can afford one measly Congressman?

    No, don't do it! Even if your free-wheeling, free-
enterprise Congressman is willing to do it for free.

    What I was proposing was a change that came
FROM the NSF and the institutions and the scientists,
not an end-run around them...


Sterling K. Webb
-----------------------------------------------------------
----- Original Message -----
From: "Ron Baalke" <baalke_at_zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>
To: "Meteorite Mailing List" <meteorite-list_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Sent: Tuesday, August 15, 2006 11:16 AM
Subject: [meteorite-list] US Regulations Governing Antarctic Meteorites


>
> http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/meteorite_regs.jsp
>
> U.S. Regulations Governing Antarctic Meteorites
>
> [Federal Register: March 31, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 61)]
> [Rules and Regulations]
> [Page 15378-15380]
>>From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access
> <http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html> [wais.access.gpo.gov]
> [DOCID:fr31mr03-26]
>
> NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
> 45 CFR Part 674
> RIN 3145-AA40
>
> ANTARCTIC METEORITES
>
> Agency
>
> National Science Foundation (NSF).
>
> Action
>
> Final rule.
>
> divider line
>
> Summary
>
> NSF is issuing a final rule that authorizes the collection of meteorites
> in Antarctica for scientific research purposes only. In addition, the
> regulations provide requirements for appropriate collection, handling,
> and curation of Antarctic meteorites to preserve their scientific value.
> These regulations implement Article 7 of the Protocol on Environmental
> Protection to the Antarctic Treaty and are issued pursuant to Section 6
> of the Antarctic Conservation Act, as amended by the Antarctic Science,
> Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996.
>
> Dates
>
> The rule is effective April 30, 2003.
>
> For Further Information Contact
>
> Anita Eisenstadt, Office of the General Counsel, at 703-292-8060.
>
> Supplementary Information
>
> On August 27, 2002, the NSF published a proposed rule authorizing the
> collection of meteorites in Antarctica for scientific research purposes
> only. NSF invited public comments on the proposed rule. NSF received
> nine comments on the proposed rule. All of the commenters were
> supportive of the proposed rule. One of the commenters suggested that
> NSF revise Sec. 674.5(3)(ii) to recognize that in some cases, a
> meteorite will not belong to any well-established classification. NSF
> agrees with this comment and has revised the language accordingly.
>
> Another commenter requested clarification whether or not meteorites are
> considered mineral resources. As noted in the preamble to the proposed
> rule, the authority for this rule derives from Article 7 of the Protocol
> on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty which states that
> "any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific
> research, shall be prohibited." These regulations implement this
> provision of the Protocol with respect to meteorites.
>
> The same commenter raised concerns that the definition of expedition
> would enable U.S. citizens to avoid application of the rule by
> organizing expeditions to Antarctica in a foreign country. NSF notes
> that the restriction in Sec. 674.4 against collecting meteorites in
> Antarctic for other than scientific research purposes applies to any
> person subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. This provision would
> extend to U.S. citizens collecting meteorites in Antarctica, regardless
> of the location from which the expedition is organized. Consistent with
> other regulations implementing U.S. obligations under the Antarctic
> Treaty, the more detailed requirements for preparation and plans and
> submissions of information to NSF are limited to expeditions for which
> the United States is required to provide advance notification under the
> Antarctic Treaty. NSF believes that this obligation is appropriately
> apportioned.
>
> Another commenter expressed concern that the exception for serendipitous
> finds could result in meteorites "fall[ing] through the regulatory
> cracks before arriving at a curation site." Section 674.7 provides that
> serendipitous finds must be handled in a manner that minimizes
> contamination and must otherwise be documented in accordance with the
> requirements of Sec. 674.5. This approach recognizes that serendipitous
> finds will occur and assures that the opportunity to collect these
> specimens for scientific purposes is not lost. NSF believes that the
> requirement for documenting and curating serendipitous finds provides an
> appropriate mechanism for adequately and accurately tracking Antarctic
> meteorites.
>
> Another commenter suggested technical revisions to the handling
> requirements in Section 674.5 (b)(1) to reflect current research
> laboratory practices. These revisions have been adopted in the final
> regulation. All other comments were appropriately considered in the
> promulgation of this final rule.
>
> Determinations
>
> NSF has determined, under the criteria set forth in Executive Order
> 12866, that this rule is not a significant regulatory action requiring
> review by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. The rule is
> not a major rule under the Congressional Review Act. The Unfunded
> Mandate Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4), in sections 202 and 205,
> requires that agencies prepare analytic statements before proposing any
> rule that may result in annual expenditures of $100 million by State,
> local, Indian Tribal governments, or the private sector. Since this rule
> will not result in expenditures of this magnitude, it is hereby
> certified that such statements are not necessary. As required by the
> Regulatory Flexibility Act, it is hereby certified this rule will not
> have significant impact on a substantial number of small businesses.
>
> The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) and its
> implementing regulations, 5 CFR part 1320, do not apply to the rule
> because there are less than ten U.S. entities, which annually organize
> expeditions to Antarctica for the purpose of collecting meteorites.
>
> Finally, NSF has reviewed this rule in light of section 2 of Executive
> Order 12778 and I certify for the National Science Foundation that this
> rule meets the applicable standards provided in sections 2(a) and 2(b)
> of that order.
>
> List of Subjects in 45 CFR Part 674
>
> Antarctica, Meteorites, Research
> Dated: March 24, 2003
>
> Amy Northcutt, Deputy General Counsel, National Science Foundation.
>
> For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the National Science
> Foundation is adding 45 CFR part 674 to read as follows:
>
> Part 674 - ANTARCTIC METEORITES
>
> Sec.
> 674.1 Purpose of regulations.
> 674.2 Scope and applicability.
> 674.3 Definitions.
> 674.4 Restrictions on collection of meteorites in Antarctica.
> 674.5 Requirements for collection, handling, documentation and curation
> of Antarctic meteorites.
> 674.6 Submission of information to NSF.
> 674.7 Exception for serendipitous finds.
>
> Authority: 16 U.S.C. 2401 et seq.
>
> Sec. 674.1 Purpose of regulations.
>
> The purpose of the regulations in this part is to implement the
> Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended by the Antarctic Science,
> Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996, (16 U.S.C 2401 et seq.), and
> Article 7 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic
> Treaty done at Madrid on October 4, 1991. Specifically, this part is
> designed to ensure meteorites in Antarctica will be collected for
> scientific research purposes only and that U.S. expedition organizers to
> Antarctica who plan to collect meteorites in Antarctica will ensure that
> any specimens collected will be properly collected, handled, documented
> and curated to preserve their scientific value.
>
> Sec. 674.2 Scope and applicability.
>
> This part applies to any person who collects meteorites in Antarctica.
> The requirements of Sec. 674.5 apply to any person organizing an
> expedition to or within Antarctica for which the United States is
> required to give advance notice under Paragraph (5) of Article VII of
> the Antarctic Treaty where one of the purposes of the expedition is to
> collect meteorites in Antarctica. The requirements in this part only
> apply to the collection of meteorites in Antarctica after April 30, 2003.
>
> Sec. 674.3 Definitions.
>
> In this part:
>
> Antarctica means the area south of 60 degrees south latitude.
>
> Expedition means an activity undertaken by one or more persons organized
> within or proceeding from the United States to or within Antarctica for
> which advance notification is required under Paragraph 5 of Article VII
> of the Antarctic Treaty.
>
> Incremental cost is the extra cost involved in sharing the samples with
> other researchers. It does not include the initial cost of collecting
> the meteorites in Antarctica or the cost of maintaining the samples in a
> curatorial facility.
>
> Person has the meaning given that term in section 1 of title 1, United
> States Code, and includes any person subject to the jurisdiction of the
> United States.
>
> Sec. 674.4 Restrictions on collection of meteorites in Antarctica.
>
> No person may collect meteorites in Antarctica for other than scientific
> research purposes.
>
> (a) Any person organizing an expedition to or within Antarctica, where
> one of the purposes of the expedition is to collect meteorites in
> Antarctica, shall ensure that the meteorites will be properly collected,
> documented, handled, and curated to preserve their scientific value.
> Curation includes making specimens available to bona fide scientific
> researchers on a timely basis, in accordance with specified procedures.
>
> (b) Expedition organizers described in paragraph (a) of this section
> shall develop and implement written procedures for the collection,
> documentation, and curation of specimens which include the following
> components:
>
> (1) Handling requirements. Handling procedures shall ensure that
> the specimens are properly labeled and handled to minimize the
> potential for contamination from the point of collection to the
> point of curation. At a minimum, handling procedures shall include:
>
> (i) Handling the samples with clean Teflon or polyethylene
> coated implements or stainless steel implements (or
> equivalent);
>
> (ii) Double bagging of samples in Teflon or polyethylene (or
> equivalent) bags;
>
> (iii) A unique sample identifier included with the sample;
>
> (iv) Keeping the samples frozen at or below -15?C until
> opened and thawed in a clean laboratory setting at the
> curation facility; and
>
> (v) Thawing in a clean, dry, non-reactive gas environment,
> such as nitrogen or argon.
>
> (2) Sample documentation. Documentation for each specimen, that
> includes, at a minimum:
>
> (i) A unique identifier for the sample;
>
> (ii) The date of find;
>
> (iii) The date of collection (if different from date of find);
>
> (iv) The latitude and longitude to within 500 meters of the
> location of the find and the name of the nearest named
> geographical feature;
>
> (v) The name, organizational affiliation, and address of the
> finder or the expedition organizer;
>
> (vi) A physical description of the specimen and of the
> location of the find; and
>
> (vii) Any observations of the collection activity, such as
> potential contamination of the specimen.
>
> (3) Curation. Make prior arrangements to ensure that any specimens
> collected in Antarctica will be maintained in a curatorial
> facility that will:
>
> (i) Preserve the specimens in a manner that precludes
> chemical or physical degradation;
>
> (ii) Produce an authoritative classification for meteorites
> that can be shown to belong to a well-established chemical
> and petrological group, and provide appropriate descriptions
> for those meteorites that cannot be shown to belong to an
> established chemical and petrological group;
>
> (iii) Develop and maintain curatorial records associated
> with the meteorites including collection information,
> authoritative classification, total known mass, information
> about handling and sample preparation activities that have
> been performed on the meteorite, and sub-sample information;
>
> (iv) Submit an appropriate summary of information about the
> meteorites to the Antarctic Master Directory via the
> National Antarctic Data Coordination Center as soon as
> possible, but no later than two years after receipt of
> samples at the curatorial facility;
>
> (v) Submit information on classification of the meteorite to
> an internationally recognized meteorite research catalog,
> such as the "Catalogue of Meteorites" published by the
> Natural History Museum of London or the "Meteoritical
> Bulletin" published by the Meteoritical Society;
>
> (vi) Specify procedures by which requests for samples by
> bonafide scientific researchers will be handled;
>
> (vii) Make samples available to bonafide scientific
> researchers at no more than incremental cost and within a
> reasonable period of time; and
>
> (viii) In the event that the initial curatorial facility is
> no longer in a position to provide curation services for the
> specimens, or believes that the meteorites no longer merit
> curation, it shall consult with the National Science
> Foundation's Office of Polar Programs to identify another
> appropriate curatorial facility, or to determine another
> appropriate arrangement.
>
> Sec. 674.6 Submission of information to NSF.
>
> A copy of the written procedures developed by expedition organizers
> pursuant to Sec. 674.5(b) shall be furnished to the National Science
> Foundation's Office of Polar Programs at a minimum of 90 days prior to
> the planned departure date of the expedition for Antarctica. NSF shall
> publish a notice of availability of the plan in the Federal Register
> that provides for a 15-day comment period. NSF shall evaluate the
> procedures in the plan to determine if they are sufficient to ensure
> that the meteorites will be properly collected, handled, documented, and
> curated. NSF shall provide comments on the adequacy of the plan within
> 45 days of receipt. If NSF advises the expedition organizer that the
> procedures satisfy the requirements of Sec. 674.5 and the procedures are
> implemented, the expedition organizer will have satisfied the
> requirements of this part.
>
> Sec. 674.7 Exception for serendipitous finds.
>
> A person who makes a serendipitous discovery of a meteorite in
> Antarctica which could not have been reasonably anticipated, may collect
> the meteorite for scientific research purposes, provided that the
> meteorite is collected in the manner most likely to prevent
> contamination under the circumstances, and provided that the meteorite
> is otherwise handled, documented and curated in accordance with the
> requirements of Sec. 674.5.
>
> [FR Doc. 03-7607 Filed 3-28-03; 8:45 am]
>
> BILLING CODE 7555-01-P
>
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Received on Tue 15 Aug 2006 11:54:37 PM PDT