[meteorite-list] On the Father of Meteoritics (Warning - Original Radical Theory)

From: Martin Altmann <altmann_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Oct 2011 14:38:13 +0200
Message-ID: <011801cc9180$a3ad0b50$eb0721f0$_at_de>

Hi Doug,

not sooo rocking.

Doug, we as meteorite lovers over-emphasize Chladni's occupation with
meteorites.
Chladni's epoch-making performance, is his work on acoustics.
For that he is famous and for that he was recognized by his coevals.
To recognize, that a theory of sound can't be dealt limited to regard sound
as a phenomenon of the air.
To take the earlier works about oscillations and vibrations and to carry it
over to the sound,
the first vizualisation of these, his experiments, about pitches and waves,
the speed of sound in different media - and so on.
Chladni is first and foremost: The Father of modern acoustics!

Meteorites..was certainly a side-lining for him, but a passion.
How he became addicted by them? By chance, probably.
At those times, we had still the ideal of the polymath, occupying themselves
with all kind of natural sciences and occurrences. (Dilettantes like Goethe,
up to the last polymath Humboldt (who, yippieh, bought his meteorites from
the lousy dealer Krantz :-)).
Chladni, like all others made so many other various, sometimes droll
observations - like finding the colour of the gas of burned greenery, or his
very sweet article on the electrical charge of his cat :-)
(that it's polarized, because when the cat is sitting on a woolen pillow,
and he pets it, he can take a charge from the bottom of the cat and can
generate an electric spark in bringing his hand close to the head, and
inverse, if he strokes the head and but then the finger to the bottom..)
Where I was?
Yep. And of course the scientists were densely networked and having a vivid
correspondence.
And the phenomenons of shooting stars, falling stones, fireballs - those
were no new topics, but also topics of scientific discourses. That he came
to meteorites - very likely by Lichtenberg, - why he got interested in,
speculation. Maybe cause meteors were partly regarded as meteorological
events, hence has to do with air.
Lichtenberg taught also astronomy, two of his students were triangulating
shooting stars, among them Brandes, Benzenberg, who got the result, that
shooting stars happens in heights of around 100km and would have hence their
origin in the atmosphere. There could have been a connecting link, or
Lichtenberg redacted also all kind of scientific works, some of them also
mentioning the meteors. Olbers, Chladni had also contact with him, stated
the stones falling from sky being ejected from volcanoes on the Moon.
Maskelyne believed them to come from outer space, Halley I believe too, and
before Hevelius as related to comets. Lavoisier believed the fireballs to be
gaseous, Beccaria et al. to be electric discharges. Bergman related to
northern lights. Again others connected them with zodiacal light. And so on.

What makes now Chladni to the father of meteoritics?

He collected all these conflicting hypotheses.
And then he collected all fall reports of the history and contemporary ones,
tried to prove their validity, tried to locate the very stones and irons.
>From that he deducted a descriptive phenomenology of falls. (light, sound
ect. pp)
And he described the physical properties of the meteoritic stones and irons.
Tried even to identify stones as meteorites, where no falls observation
existed.

With this results he checked the existing theories
and built his own theory.

And this theory unifies four complexes, which were regarded before as
independent from each other
and where to each of them existed many different hypothesises.

He connected the stones with the fireballs.
He found out, that bolides and shooting stars are the same phenomenon.
He stated, that these are caused by solid bodies.
And finally, that the meteorites stem not only from the outer space,
but that they are fragments of disrupted planetary bodies.

(note only how he correctly suppose, that Pallas iron has to be something
like the inner core of Earth,
by some supposed to be metallic too at these times).

And that was new, and...brilliant!

Btw Chladni had strong qualms, to publish his meteoritic theories, as he
feared to be ridiculed by the scientific community.


Ouch, the instruments.
Doug, Chladni perceived himself as a scientist. Not as an instrument builder
or even a musician.
In fact he was even happy, that these instruments worked so slow, as he was
no virtuoso.
It's a little bit weird, to believe that he had as a main interest in
marketing his "euphon" or his "clavizylinder", or to be recognized as an
inventor
and that he got frustrated in these instruments not getting canonic.
Self-affirmation he received more than enough, as his acoustic theories
found broadly acceptance and he was recognized by the establishment as a
brilliant scientist.
The frustration was a different one: He never found a permanent position,
although many famous scientists campaigned for him. Therefore throughout all
his life he was forced to do small time, to find and accept invitations of
universities and courts, for holding series of lectures - and also to make
public shows.
His funny instruments were side-kicks and elements of show for his public
lectures.

Btw. they are somewhat different than Franklin's armonica, glass dished
rotating through water, the vine glass principle, as you explained. The
Euphon uses longitudinal vibrations, hence glass pipes are stroked, and the
vibrations are conferred to metal sheets for the resonnace. And the
clavizylinder is a rotating cylinder of metal or glass, where different
metal bars are brought in contact with.... hence funny gadgetry,
underpinned by the knowledge of the best theoretical acoustician of his
epoch.


Soooo...I fear, your psychologizing ansatz to kick Chladni off the throne is
too weak.

Best!
Martin


PS: Chladni playing his show in front of Napoleon. (From the cash he earned
there, he published his "Acoustics" in French)
http://www.chladnis-heirs.com/Bilder/ChladniBonaparte.jpg

Original collection label by Chladni (for an Alais specimen)
http://www.chladnis-heirs.com/Bilder/chladni1.jpg






-----Urspr?ngliche Nachricht-----
Von: meteorite-list-bounces at meteoritecentral.com
[mailto:meteorite-list-bounces at meteoritecentral.com] Im Auftrag von
MexicoDoug
Gesendet: Sonntag, 23. Oktober 2011 10:08
An: Meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com
Betreff: [meteorite-list] On the Father of Meteoritics (Warning - Original
Radical Theory)

Dear List, an account of the coming of age of Chladni which may rock
the boat a bit:

"When in the course of scientific endeavors it becomes necessary for
one scientist to dissolve the bonds which have connected them with
another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and
equal station to which the God-given phenomenon of meteoritics entitle
them, a decent dignity for one's inventions requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation...."

Such was the case for Ernst F. F. Chladni, who quite abruptly focused
his interest in "fathering" meteoritics in the early 1790's: an
accomplished musician and musical instrument designer with an interest
in waves, electricity, and physics. He suddenly dedicated some time to
a radical theory of meteoritics; the question is....What *sparked* his
sudden and intensive, obsessive-compulsive interest? No one really
knows, excepts, perhaps the Shadow. Read on please, for my theory
after a discusson wih my Shadow...

First we must define what exactly was on Chladni's mind during those
years and more importantly what was his mindset? Well, he was
recovering from a failed attempt to promote his musical instrument
which he toured playing in hope to gain some recognition. His
instrument never became popular. The reason was not because it was bad
... but rather because there was a superior instrument that displaced
it in public events all the time. By 1790, he gave it up, and quite
frustrated he was with his extensive efforts.

Chladni's first love was music and acoustics. It is often cited that
his interest in meteoritics was suddenly fomented by conversations with
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg in 1791-1793. But Lichtenberg himself had
nothing to say about it, despite making notes of the meetings and
commenting that Chladni was working on a new musical instrument to
supplant his previous failed one.

A world away lived the bane of Chladni's existence, until his death in
1790: one Dr. Benjamin Franklin, American genius, and the antithesis of
everything Chladni socially was... Franklin was the model of an
brilliant human being, even able to have the French aristocracy eat out
of his hand while founding the United States of America, all in his
spare time while he pursued intellectual pursuits of everything and
frequently made great scientific advancements with a sort of Midas'
Touch with only a wit that could beat them. Such was the case with the
armonica, a musical instrument that was a clever adaptation of sound
waves produced by utilizing friction like the rubbing on a wine glass
which allowed the simultaneous playing of nearly a dozen notes. This
musical instrument precisely was the one that displaced Chladni's who
otherwise might have found more success. Franklin's instrument was an
American contribution to Europe that even the great composers wrote
parts for as Chladni's own foundered. How frustrating it must have
been.

At heart, Dr. Franklin was truly a scientist and had managed some of
the most truly remarkable experiments and even was credited as being
the father of electricity after harnassing the meteorological
phenomenon of lightning and proving exactly what it was: electricity.
There was nothing he couldn't do and yet, he always got all the women,
fame and power he wished.

On the other hand Chladni was forced into a career he had no interest
in doing by an overpowering father, had absolutely no luck with the
woman and was spurned by his contemporaries when he initially tried to
present his ideas to his peers. Bummer to be Chladni in 1790.

But Franklin died in 1790. Chladni didn't waste a moment, dropping his
failed instrument and immediately appropriated Franklin's armonica a
step further and redesigned a new instrument in 1791 he named,
immodestly CHLADNI'S EUPHONIUM (basically a synonym for armonica but
addiding his name for recognition) he hoped would be superior - and
finally, Franklin was dead and unable to wittily comment or compete.
It was a prototype of that instrument he was playing for Lichtenberg.

After all those years of playing second fiddle, it was only natural
that Franklin's scientific triumphs were a subject of discussion; after
all the new instrument was a direct improvement on Franklin's intended
to supplant it at best... and victory would be as sweet as waking among
the muses, especially for Chladni who was trained as a lawyer with all
the benefits and vices that the practice of law breeds.

One noteable subject of Franklin's successes was in meteorology, and
especially legendary, regarding the proof that lightning bolts were
composed of electricity. Franklin also went on record saying meteors
were probably an electrical phenomenon as well. Well, these strange
rocks were turning up at that time and there were murmurs that they
came from the sky. Chladni became obsessed with making his mark (and
in the process showing Franklin was wrong) by choosing the other light
phenomenon - meteors - just as Franklin had chosen a phenomenon, just
as Franklin had inspired his instrument - in hopes finally making a
reputation for himself and perhaps a dab of revenge for all those years
lost with his instrument due to Franklin superior design.

Motive in any investigation is always sought. Need Chladni more
motive? ;-) He released his first improved design utilizing Franklin's
armonica concepts directly, suddenly became obsessed with with proving
meteors were not electrical phenomena but rather rocks; immersed
himself in the library for a couple of months in a mission (much like
many contemporary meteorite folk we've seen battle it out on the list
when one scoops the other on a new fall), published his book and in the
process of his madness made the assertion that the rocks came from
space, a true contribution; and then was immediately ridiculed and
mocked ... his contemporaries new what he was up to and this attenuated
the believability of his work.

Then immdiatey after publishing, he dropped meteorites, never to return
again to the field and gort to work building a new second generation
musical instrument. Both instruments he designed and built in the
1790's met with success and Chladni finally could gain some respect he
earned after a lifetime of brandishing by fire.

The above theory would explain motivation and why Chladni's work in
meteoritics was as efemeral as the meteors themselves.

We should say a little more about Ben's beliefs and how they
potentially influenced Chladni, as clearly, the American Philosophical
Society, founded by Franklin who was the first president published a
Journal just like the Liondon Society, and the Journal was undoubtably
read by Chladni. The first president of the Society was Franklin, and
he was followed by the great Astronomer Early American astronomer David
Rittenhouse, as the second president, who predated much of Chladni's
idea on cosmic origins and as the successor of Franklin, undoubtably
would have been an interesting subject of study for Chladni as he
studied those late nights in the library for that intriguingly brief
period of time. As a matter of fact, Chladni himself said Lichtenberg
told him to immerse himself reading Philosophical Transactions in the
library. What were the Americans saying about meteors that might tip
off Chladni and that Lichtenberg definitely read as well?

Let me quote a passage of a post I made to the List in 2006 excerping a
letter from Rittenhouse to Franklin, and to comment that Franklin
likely had a friendly rivalry with Rittenhouse as to the cosmic origin
of meteorites and predated Chladni's "original" contribution by a
number of years:

"Ben believed for a time that meteors were also caused by electricity,
however his contemporary, the great Astronomer Early American
astronomer David
Rittenhouse, had other thoughts and most obviously discussed them at
length with
Franklin. They were both founders and officers in the American
Philosophical
Society - the Innovative and incomparable Academic Ivory Tower in the
unique
American tradition of their time responsible for adding scientific
thought
to the American Revolution and much beyond...Upon Franklin's death,
Rittenhouse became the second president of the Society until his own
death five years
later.

Eleven years before Ben's death, On "All Hallow's Eve", October 31,
1779,
Rittenhouse had witnessed a 30-second bolide accompanied by sonic booms
near
Philadelphia, where he was the head of the University of Pennsylvania's
Astronomy department...as the war of American Independence was still in
Gear...

Rittenhouse described the event in a letter purportedly to Franklin:
"Leaving behind it a bright trail of light of a fine Silver Color,
which
continued Visible about 20 minutes, altho' but half an hour after
Sunset, and
then gradually disappeared, after changing from a Strait line to a very
crooked
one. [Meteors are] bodies altogether foreign to this Earth, but meeting
with
it, in its Annual Orbit, are attracted by it, and on entering our
Atmosphere
take fire and are exploded, something in the manner Steel filings are,
on
passing thro' the flame of a Candle. [It made a] glorious appearance at
the
distance of a few miles, yet from its prodigious Magnitude it must have
been
quite terrible. [Had the] Cataract fallen on the plain where on
Philadelphia
stands, half its inhabitants would probably been [sic] drowned."

In the absence of the word "bolide", a cataract most certainly is the
best
word choice available to describe the phenomenon. It was brighter than
the
Sun, "a half hour after Sunset". "

Chladni clearly couldn't make it on his own, and found it easier to But
I could be wrong - though I don't mind championing the theory though
there may be a few hole in it that doesnt mean it isn't a very good
explanation ;-), I just wish I had more time to research my logical
assertations.

PS Franklin actually must have a smile in his grave now that we know
meteors in fact are an electrical phenomenon.

Kindest wishes
Franklin's Heirs
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Received on Sun 23 Oct 2011 08:38:13 AM PDT