[meteorite-list] Exploding asteroid theory strengthened bynew evidence located in Ohio, Indiana

From: Sterling K. Webb <sterling_k_webb_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2008 17:40:57 -0500
Message-ID: <06eb01c8de27$07305d00$2346e146_at_ATARIENGINE>

Hi, Doug, List,

Doug wrote:
> the presence of some highly durable materials
> (like diamonds and gold) found outside of their
> natural strata could be explained by impacts
> and airbursts

Gold is only chemically durable. Otherwise, no.
Any impact would VAPORIZE it, not transport it.
They specify the source location very precisely.
The Canadian diamonds are buried in the tundra
at the supposed time of "impact" and that tundra
is covered by more than half-a-mile, or perhaps
3500 feet of Ice Cap. How does an airburst excavate
and transport them, Doug? Think, Doug, think real
hard.


Doug wrote:
> no need to... call them idiots repeatedly

I searched the document and I used "idiot" one
time only: "an enthusiastic idiot, the press agent."
I stand by that. I characterized certain assertions
as "idiotic" because... well, because they are.


Doug wrote:
> a bit more tolerance for these wacky ideas...

This is not Galileo in Rome, Doug; this is "Get a
headline for Southern Ohio."

It's not about "whacky." That's just a euphemism for
right or wrong, competent or not. It's a decision you
have to make all the time in science and one which is
made constantly, even between friends. Science works
by challenge.


Doug wrote:
> calling people idiots behind there backs...

As I pointed out, the only "idiot" call was on the press
agent, not the researchers. As for being "behind their
backs," the total inaccessibility of the non-affiliated to
any journals or publications, an inaccessibility forced
on science by academic publishers who charge $5000
a year for journal subscriptions, is science turning its
back on the society that supports it, and leaves the
"press release" as the only presentation of their work
to the public.

This press release makes no reference to any upcoming
publication, not even a note or notice nor presentation
to any professional conference, which there would be
if anything had been submitted to anywhere. It's just
a press rave.

I read 30 to 50 pieces of "press release" science A DAY,
and most of it is incoherent garble. If that is the ONLY
presentation of your ideas that you make to the world,
you largely deserve what you get.

And lastly, I note your post is mostly about manners
and etiquette on the List, not about facts, evidence and
the logic of arguments. I am interested in the facts, the
evidence, and the logic, not in a standard of etiquette
that is equally accepting of any statement regardless of
how dumb it is.

Explain to me again how an explosive event 1000+ miles
away, rather than scattering the target materials in every
direction, herds them to a concentrated deposit in Ohio?


Doug wrote:
> ...how many times you've insulted Dr. Gerta Keller based
> on non-academic and press release type garble you've quoted?

I never quoted press reports, etc. in criticizing Keller.
The only criticism of Keller I ever posted was to point to
Smits' website where, as one expert on sedimentation to
another, he destroys her work quite thoroughly and in the
process demonstrates her incompetence. He presents pages
and pages of evidence, transcripts of their debates, Q&A
letters, dozens of photos and micrographs. If you haven't
read it, you should before leaping off the Keller Cliff:
http://www.geo.vu.nl/~smit/csdp/debates.htm

How many times? Don't know, but not enough.


Doug wrote:
> For the record, I am not on board with this... theory...
> but I do respect an underdog for trying...

Jeez, Doug, this is not a small-scale sports event, like
minor-league baseball game. Underdog? How do you
have an underdog in true or false?

Firestone & Co.'s notions are one flavor of the many
small comet theories, a poorly evidenced one. There's
the Napier & Clube variation dating back some decades.
More recently, the dentrochronologist Mike Baillie put
forward a better evidenced variation.

I tend to agree with the general theory.

The basic idea is derived from the dynamic differences
in the way meteoroids and "cometoids" are delivered
to the Earth. We experience a seemingly "steady state"
of the infall of small rocky objects and a regular though
random infall of larger and more damaging rocky objects.
This seemingly regular "delivery" from the asteroid zone
has accustomed us to the notion of "regular but random"
impacts.

In contrast to the generalized progression of material from
the asteroid zone to the inner solar system, cometary
materials seem to arrive in a less homogeneous manner,
by different orbital mechanics. Shorter period comets
evolve from longer period comets by encounters with
more massive bodies. Sooner or later, semi-regularly, a
large cometary object gets trapped in the inner system.
It suffers a high rate of encounters and impacts; it degrades
thermally; it starts to disintegrate; and the Earth is suddenly
subject to a high frequency of encounters with swarms
of debris and debris streams until they are cleaned up by
colliding with the inner planets and each other and are
chewed into dust.

Instead of "regular but random" impacts, they come in
"clusters." Non-stochastic events are much harder to
believe in. There's always a string of meteoroid falls and
every century or so we get a big one, hard not to believe
in that.

But, to be told that things will be completely quiet, without
a sign of trouble, for a millennium or so, but then, you will
get pounded with End of the World, Blood of the Lamb
stuff for a decade or a century -- the Sky will be Black at
Noon, the Night will be Full of Lights and Fires, the rivers will
freeze in June, crops will fail -- it's a strictly Medieval Show.
It's a hard sell. It sounds, well... Whacky! Or, at the least,
overly melodramatic for any respectable idea.

Strangely enough, a glance at History reveals that it, of
course, is periodically full of just such reported events.
We sadly shake our heads and see them as an example of
ignorance and superstition on the part of an irrational and
uneducated folk who were not Enlightened, as we are.
The Poor Slobs. Boy, were they dumb! To fall for that
stuff...

The world, of course, is indifferent to how humans characterize
it. The Universe is neither the Clean, Well-Lighted Place we like
to think it is, nor the Medieval Demonic Nightmare. It is what it is,
whatever that is. To discover that we look for evidence. One big
piece of evidence is right under our noses, or rather, right over
our noses. It's the Zodaical Light.

The Zodaical dust cloud cannot persist long; it is depleted by
20 to 40 tons of dust per second, so even though it masses
10 to 40 billion tons of dust, it cannot last long without
constant replenishment. 99.9% of it is "later-generation" dust,
that is, from the breakdown of solar system small bodies --
comets and asteroids. How much from which bodies is the
subject of bloody controversy. But we do not see enough
asteroidal (meteroidal) activity in the present day to come
anywhere close to accounting for the volume needed for
replenishment.

So, perhaps we really do have "comet storms," unpredictable,
short, intense epochs of bombardment which come out of
nowhere and disappear the same way. Almost as if it were a
strategy, it is composed low density materials that are airburst,
that dustload the atmosphere, kick the climatic balance over,
disrupt human activities like agricultural civilizations, and sow
chaos instead of "merely" leaving a big crater behind. Very
neat. No fingerprints, or very few. The Perfect Crime.

There really is no doubt that large cometary bodies can be
trapped in the inner solar system and devolve this way. That
much is distinctly true. The mechanism was elucidated by
Laplace (that's a long time ago) and further explicated by
Whipple and Kuiper. It's not a new notion. It's just that its
full implications were not thought of until 40 or 50 years ago.

This notion is "unpopular" among American academics, is
more accepted in Europe, and is most accepted in the UK,
though still a minority view. The problem is finding evidence,
unequivocal evidence. We should look for it, but we should
do a better job than this.

Or we could just wait for it to happen to us.



Sterling K. Webb
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Original Message -----
From: <mexicodoug at aim.com>
To: <meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com>
Sent: Thursday, July 03, 2008 11:48 AM
Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Exploding asteroid theory strengthened bynew
evidence located in Ohio, Indiana


Hi Sterling, Darren, Tracy, Elton, et al.,

IMO we need a bit more tolerance for these wacky ideas.

"Press release science is generally worthless."

Coming from you, Sterling, I'll save the above for quoting in the
future - it will be worthwhile.

The idea here is that the presence of some highly durable materials
(like diamonds and gold) found outside of their natural strata could be
explained by impacts and airbursts???

There is no need to stomp all over these people and call them idiots
repeatedly in posts for studying this idea further. None of us were
there to witness these events. Much science in this realm is built on
a bunch of flimsy assumptions that need to be held up to higher
standards.

I'm sure West and colleagues are not foaming at the mouth with insults
for scientists who are not agreeable to their ideas, so there is no
need for academic chest-beating a la WWF Wrestlemania. All of us are
guilty for having pet theories and more importantly itis commendable
when we take the iniciative to try to prove them out further by
actually doing any field work at all. I think it is impressive that
these folks have taken their wacky ideas a step further. Sterling, I
think some of your ideas (though definitely not all) have been far more
wackier than these, sometimes based on little or highly biased facts,
and you've developed them shamelessly -on the list-. I frequently
enjoy your wacky posts and don't call you an idiot for them althought
there at times I don't particularly agree. Along these lines, I would
categorize EP's cometary slant in the same category of wacky, but in
the end, generally possible.

If only Sherlock Holmes were here. I'd like to know what he would make
of this investigation. I am trying to recall how many times Walter
Alvarez was called an idiot for his ideas (which now take the form of a
book "T-Rex and the Crater of Doom" ) by folks that did little or no
field work to prove his ideas silly. And how many times you've
insulted Dr. Gerta Keller based on non-academic and press release type
garble you've quoted? But that's another subject...

For the record, I am not on board with this Mammoth Stew theory (And
really prefer not to be fed more of it unless the Fair One in One
Million Years B.C. is doing the feeding), but I do respect an underdog
for trying, and there is something that bugs me about calling people
idiots behind there backs on large public internet listservers just for
developing their ideas. If they want to study it - more power to
them!!! In any case, they certainly have higher IQ's than idiots and
deserve the respect extended to all scientists, self taught or not ...
whether we agree with their ideas or not ...

PS
Sterling wrote:
"The whole case stinks. It's not a Chicxulub-No-More-Dinosaurs kind of
case in the weight of evidence."
The above parody is also quite circumstancial. Better use EP's ideas,
I find them more relevant.

Let me see some barbecued and choked dinos of the appropriate age that
were buried alive in the sediments.

Best wishes,
Doug

-----Original Message-----
From: Sterling K. Webb <sterling_k_webb at sbcglobal.net>
To: Mr EMan <mstreman53 at yahoo.com>;
meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com; cynapse at charter.net; tracy latimer
<daistiho at hotmail.com>
Sent: Thu, 3 Jul 2008 2:23 am
Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Exploding asteroid theory strengthened
bynew evidence located in Ohio, Indiana



Hi, Darren, Tracy, Elton, List,

    This is not a "scientific" pronouncement; it is
a press release written by a press agent and as such,
it is worthless. Press release science is generally
worthless.

    It is a chaotic garble from an enthusiastic idiot, the
press agent. For example (just one, though there are
so many), it says the "diamonds, gold, and silver"
found in deposits in Ohio and Indiana were not
"pushed" there by glaciers but emplaced there by
a cosmic explosive impact, an impossible notion.

    Since gold and silver have low melting points, a
massive impact would vaporize them and there would
be gold and silver microspherules deposited over half
the continent. Indeed, these same people hypothesize just
such microspherules for other, more refractory stuff,
so this is a complete screw-up.

    The most famous diamond ever found in the US
was drilled out of a GLACIAL till in Eagle, Waukesha Co.,
Wisconsin. This 15.37-carat light-yellow diamond,
a rounded dodecahedral crystal, was found in 1867.
Bought by a local jeweler for $1.00, he re-sold it to
Tiffany's for $850. In 1889, it went to the Paris
International Exhibition and it eventually became the
property of a certain Mr. J. P. Morgan, who donated
it to the American Museum of Natural History down the
street from his house, where it was exhibited until, in 1964,
it was stolen by the famous "Murph The Surf" celebrity
bandit. It has never been recovered. And so it goes.

In 1853, diamonds were discovered in the California
gold fields in GLACIAL alluvial deposits. In 1869, in Idaho,
in the same conditions. In 1883, in Montana, in a GLACIAL
lake bed. In 1888, in Kentucky, in GLACIAL gravels. In Maine.
In Michigan. There are natural diamonds in Arkansas and
Colorado, the only diamonds NOT found in a glacial
context. Kimberlite pipes have been discovered elsewhere
but not explored.

Any material distributed by an impact would be widely
scattered, NOT concentrated in deposits. Identifying the
Ohio and Indiana diamonds as originating in Canada is
nothing new. We've known that for 60-70 years now.
The newly productive Canadian diamond mines were
found by tracing the locations of garnet finds from the
US into Canada, a favorite summer project of geology
grad students for fifty years (garnets are produced in
the same kimberlite pipes as diamonds).

On the face of it, the announcement sounds like idiocy.
They say, "The only plausible scenario available now
for explaining their presence this far south is the kind
of cataclysmic explosive event described by West's
theory." If they mean that glacial deposits can only be
found as far south as the glaciers themselves, they are
dead wrong. Melt floods carry materials, even big boulders,
great distances. Normal stream activity carries the lighter
stuff further (many isolated diamond finds are in stream
placer deposits).

The drainage basin of the Ohio river shows plentiful
evidence of this. There are glacial deposits in Kentucky,
which is further south than Ohio (in case they haven't
looked south across the river from Cincinnati lately).
http://books.google.com/books?id=8eFSK4o--M0C&pg=PA376&lpg=PA376&dq=southernmost+glacial+erratic+US&source=web&ots=2NcIEXv_S_&sig=IGLmBdjw-oyZJUteovXiSv-FagA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result

This whole thing just gets sillier and sillier. These people
seem to be at a loss for logic. If there was an impact in
Canada that scattered gold and diamonds south, it would
have to excavate that ground where the gold and diamonds
are, so it couldn't have been when Canada was covered
by half-a-mile of ice, but, of course, that is exactly when
they say it did happen. Impossible. Flat impossible.

Firestone found some very strange isotopic anomalies
20 years ago. Since then he has thrashed about for an
explanation: supernovae, comets that travel at 3% of the
speed of light and impact the Earth; mammoths that are
killed by microscopic iron particles shot through the
Earth's atmosphere at 10,000 km/sec, black mats, bucky
balls, nanodiamonds, the Carolina Bays, and now, big
diamonds and gold.

It's pitiful.

There may or may not have been an "impact" or airburst
event in this general time frame. Some of these indicators
may or may not be markers of it. Certainly, many species
of mammals declined and died in a short time frame and
an impact may or may not have helped. But the case is
weak and diffuse, the evidence vague and disputacious.

We were just discussing Tunguska, which demonstrates
how little evidence can be left behind after a substantial
impact event. The last time this supposed impact was a
topic here, I did some calculation of the effect of a massive
airburst over the Laurentide Ice Sheet and gained a real
appreciation of how large an energetic event could be
absorbed by a half-a-mile-thick slab of ice, with hardly
a trace -- even a one-kilometer object airbursting would
only make a temporary glacial lake on the upper surface
of the ice cap. It's questionable whether an ice-cap
impact would have anything more than transient effects.

The discovery that started this silliness remains -- the
strange isotopic anomalies; that data continues to hold
up. I call this sort of situation -- data in search of an
explanation -- Orphan Facts. I don't smell parenthood
in this story.

"Mammoths" were a genus with eleven species, and the
woolly mammoth was the last one. Most populations in
North America and Eurasia died out about 12,000 years
ago. Until recently, it was thought they vanished from
Europe and Southern Siberia at the same time, but new
findings show that some were still there about 10,000 years
ago. A little later, they disappeared from continental Northern
Siberia. A small population survived on St. Paul Island,
Alaska, up until 8000 years ago, and some small mammoths
on Wrangel Island became extinct only around 4000 years
ago. Doesn't sound much like instant Death From The Sky
to me.

Mastodons are NOT the same as Mammoths, a different
genus and not even the same family; there were two species
of mastodons. But you couldn't have told the difference;
I'd have run screaming from either one: same size, both
furry, both with those big tusks. Mastodons were most
numerous in Eastern North America -- their Heartland was
our Heartland, although they were everywhere in the New
World (not the Old). Their remains have been found 300
miles out in the Atlantic (it was dry land then, remember),
in Nova Scotia, Kentucky, Missouri, Louisiana, Washington
State, Wisconsin, Texas, Indiana, and oh, yes! -- South
America! They died out about 10,000 years ago (after four
million years of Ice Age happiness). One Mastodon was
found in the middle of the Mississppi River!

Remind me again: how does a Comet in Canada kill a furry
mastodon in South America? Both Mammoths and Mastodons
are unique Ice Age critters, elephants with fur coats! But
notice that while there are Mammoths in Canada and Alaska
and Siberia (Brrr!), the Mastodons preferred Kentucky,
Missouri, and Lu-Ezi-Anna, not mention South America.
So, how does ONE climate change kill off TWO genera
with such different climatic tastes?

 And why are the Elephants, furry or not, getting all the
attention? Besides them, between 11,500 years ago and 10,000
years ago, North America lost five species of American Horses,
all of its Camels (I'd walk a mile to see a North American Camel),
the North American Llama, two kinds of Deer, two genera of
Antelopes, the Woodland Musk Ox, the Giant (2X) Beaver,
a variety of Ground Sloths (big ones), a Bear bigger than the
Grizzly Bear (it was six feet high at the shoulder when on all
fours!), the Saber-Toothed "Cat" (what we used to call the
Saber-Toothed Tiger, a much classier name), the American
Lion (bigger than the African), the US Cheetah, the oversized
and well-named Dire Wolf, the Giant Peccary (Super-Pig), the
California Tapir, and don't forget those lovable Elephants
in Fur Coats...

South America and Australia had even bigger Wipe-Out's than
we did. There are theories, of course, all of them completely
illogical to my mind. They are 1) The Ice Age ended, 2) Man
the Mighty Hunter, and now, 3) The Comet.

1) The Ice Age didn't end; we just had another Interglacial, just
like the other 40-odd Interglacials following the other 40-odd
Glaciations in the Pleistocene Ice Age, just like always, no
warmer than usual, and all these critters got through the other
40-odd Interglacials alright -- no problemo. Most of these
species and genera were of Ice Age origin, arising in the last
2 to 4 million years to thrive in Ice Age cooling conditions;
they were not old and doddering species. We are one of them,
of course, the species that arose in that same time period for
the same reason -- Ice Age Man. It's an on-going process.
The Ice Age isn't over yet, you know, you Whacky Warmists.

2) Yeah, yeah... Man the Mighty Hunter. How come a handful
of Clovisites could extinct the immense and nasty American
Lion, one of the largest Lion species to ever live, weighing in
at 650 pounds, yes, folks, extinct it on sight, when two million
years of aggressive hominids couldn't put a dent in the population
of the smaller, weaker, less fierce African Lion? The American
Lion was the 4th most abundant mammal in North America --
not an easy extinction target. Read all about it:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Pleistocene_extinctions

3) The Comet. Exactly how did this evidenceless Comet extinct
75% of the largest mammals? They say, by causing a 1000-year
return to the previous glacial climate. Well, all these Ice Age-adapted
mammals had just finished thriving through a 25,000-year-long
Ice Age to which they were specifically adapted -- what's another
cool millennium to them? Nothing! Did this Comet cause the
simultaneous extinctions in South America and in Europe and in
Australia? Did they all have their own Comets? (This IS a
possibility, but where's the evidence?)

The whole case stinks. It's not a Chicxulub-No-More-Dinosaurs
kind of case in the weight of evidence. It's a case of Little Comet,
Little Extinction, Little Evidence


Sterling K. Webb
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
----- Original Message -----
From: "tracy latimer" <daistiho at hotmail.com>
To: <cynapse at charter.net>; <meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com>
Sent: Wednesday, July 02, 2008 6:39 PM
Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Exploding asteroid theory strengthened
bynew
evidence located in Ohio, Indiana




I wish that when scientists make pronouncements like this, they would
not
play coy but give a thumbnail explanation why they are contradicting
current
thought, what evidence they have found to the contrary. Instead, the
stories seem more slanted to grabbing headlines and playing to the
"extraterrestrials from Procyon did it!" crowd, which may be more the
news
hounds than the researchers.

Tracy Latimer

> From: cynapse at charter.net
> To: Meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com
> Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2008 16:47:01 -0400
> Subject: [meteorite-list] Exploding asteroid theory strengthened by
new
> evidence located in Ohio, Indiana
>
http://www.physorg.com/news134233301.html

 Geological evidence found in Ohio and Indiana in recent weeks is
strengthening
the case to attribute what happened 12,900 years ago in North America

--
when
the end of the last Ice Age unexpectedly turned into a phase of
extinction
for
animals and humans -- to a cataclysmic comet or asteroid explosion over
top
of
Canada.
A comet/asteroid theory advanced by Arizona-based geophysicist Allen
West in
the
past two years says that an object from space exploded just above the
earth's
surface at that time over modern-day Canada, sparking a massive shock
wave
and
heat-generating event that set large parts of the northern hemisphere
ablaze,
setting the stage for the extinctions.
Now University of Cincinnati Assistant Professor of Anthropology Ken
Tankersley,
working in conjunction with West and Indiana Geological Society Research
Scientist Nelson R. Schaffer, has verified evidence from sites in Ohio
and
Indiana -- including, locally, Hamilton and Clermont counties in Ohio
and
Brown
County in Indiana -- that offers the strongest support yet for the
exploding
comet/asteroid theory.
Samples of diamonds, gold and silver that have been found in the region
have
been conclusively sourced through X-ray diffractometry in the lab of UC
Professor of Geology Warren Huff back to the diamond fields region of
Canada.
The only plausible scenario available now for explaining their presence
this
far
south is the kind of cataclysmic explosive event described by West's
theory.
"We
believe this is the strongest evidence yet indicating a comet impact in
that
time period," says Tankersley.
Ironically, Tankersley had gone into the field with West believing he
might
be
able to disprove West's theory.
Tankersley was familiar through years of work in this area with the
diamonds,
gold and silver deposits, which at one point could be found in such
abundance in
this region that the Hopewell Indians who lived here about 2,000 years
ago
engaged in trade in these items.
Prevailing thought said that these deposits, which are found at a soil
depth
consistent with the time frame of the comet/asteroid event, had been
brought
south from the Great Lakes region by glaciers.
"My smoking gun to disprove (West) was going to be the gold, silver and
diamonds," Tankersley says. "But what I didn't know at that point was a
conclusion he had reached that he had not yet made public -- that the
likely
point of impact for the comet wasn't just anywhere over Canada, but
located
over
Canada's diamond-bearing fields. Instead of becoming the basis for
rejecting
his
hypothesis, these items became the very best evidence to support it."
Additional sourcing work is being done at the sites looking for iridium,
micro-meteorites and nano-diamonds that bear the markers of the
diamond-field
region, which also should have been blasted by the impact into this
region.
Much of the work is being done in Sheriden Cave in north-central Ohio's
Wyandot
County, a rich repository of material dating back to the Ice Age.
Tankersley first came into contact with West and Schaffer when they
were
invited
guests for interdisciplinary colloquia presented by UC's Department of
Geology
this spring.
West presented on his theory that a large comet or asteroid, believed
to be
more
than a mile in diameter, exploded just above the earth at a time when
the
last
Ice Age appeared to be drawing to a close.
The timing attached to this theory of about 12,900 years ago is
consistent
with
the known disappearances in North America of the wooly mammoth
population
and
the first distinct human society to inhabit the continent, known as the
Clovis
civilization. At that time, climatic history suggests the Ice Age
should
have
been drawing to a close, but a rapid change known as the Younger Dryas
event,
instead ushered in another 1,300 years of glacial conditions. A
cataclysmic
explosion consistent with West's theory would have the potential to
create
the
kind of atmospheric turmoil necessary to produce such conditions.
"The kind of evidence we are finding does suggest that climate change
at the
end
of the last Ice Age was the result of a catastrophic event," Tankersley
says.
Currently, Tankersley can be seen in a new documentary airing on the
National
Geographic channel. The film "Ancient Asteroids" is part of that
network's
"Naked Science" series.
The new discoveries made working with West and Schaffer will be
incorporated
into two more specials that Tankersley is currently involved with -- 
one for
the
PBS series "Nova" and a second for the History Channel that will be
filming
Tankersley and his UC students in the field this summer. Another
documentary,
this one being produced by the Discovery Channel and the British public
television network Channel 4, will also be following Tankersley and his
students
later this summer.
As more data continues to be compiled, Tankersley, West and Schaffer
will be
publishing about this newest twist in the search to explain the history
of
our
planet and its climate.
Climate change is a favorite topic for Tankersley. "The ultimate
importance
of
this kind of work is showing that we can't control everything," he
says.
"Our
planet has been hit by asteroids many times throughout its history, and
when
that happens, it does produce climate change."
Source: University of Cincinnati
_________________________________________________________________
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Received on Fri 04 Jul 2008 06:40:57 PM PDT