[meteorite-list] Tunguska-- the movie

From: lebofsky at lpl.arizona.edu <lebofsky_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2007 19:15:38 -0700 (MST)
Message-ID: <1411.71.226.60.25.1198116938.squirrel_at_timber.lpl.arizona.edu>

Jerry:

SL/9 WAS one object that got too close to Jupiter and was pulled apart by
the gravity of Jupiter (probably at the same time it was being captured
into an orbit around Jupiter). It also, unfortunately for it, went into an
orbit that had perijove (closest point in orbit) INSIDE of Jupiter, hence
the wonderful show that we got to see.

This was probably not the first time this has happened to a body (comet?)
and Jupiter. There are chain craters on Ganymede and Callisto that are
thought to be due to the breakup of a bodies during close approaches to
Jupiter that then hit the satellites.

Also, the outer satellites of Jupiter are grouped and are thus thought to
have been individual objects that somehow broke up (during cpture?).

Larry

On Wed, December 19, 2007 5:46 pm, Jerry wrote:
> Right on the mark Darren. It speaks to many of the questions raised in
> the Mammoth thread in terms of frequency and potential effects of an
> airburst as well as impacts. The footnote to Comet Levy/Shomaker may also
> reminds us that impactors don't necessarily travel alone. In tandem, some
> strike, some vaporize and maybe some or one airburst. Jerry Flaherty
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Darren Garrison" <cynapse at charter.net>
> To: <meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com>
> Sent: Wednesday, December 19, 2007 9:42 AM
> Subject: [meteorite-list] Tunguska-- the movie
>
>
>
> Videos on the site.
>
>
> http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2007/asteroid.html
>
>
> Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster
> Smaller asteroids may pose greater danger than previously believed
>
>
> ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. - The stunning amount of forest devastation at Tunguska
> a century ago in Siberia may have been caused by an asteroid only a
> fraction as large as previously published estimates, Sandia National
> Laboratories
> supercomputer simulations suggest.
>
> "The asteroid that caused the extensive damage was much smaller than we
> had thought," says Sandia principal investigator Mark Boslough of the
> impact that occurred June 30, 1908. "That such a small object can do this
> kind of destruction suggests that smaller asteroids are something to
> consider. Their smaller size indicates such collisions are not as
> improbable as we had believed."
>
> Because smaller asteroids approach Earth statistically more frequently
> than larger ones, he says, "We should be making more efforts at detecting
> the smaller ones than we have till now."
>
> The new simulation - which more closely matches the widely known facts of
> destruction than earlier models - shows that the center of mass of an
> asteroid exploding above the ground is transported downward at speeds
> faster than sound. It takes the form of a high-temperature jet of expanding
> gas called a fireball.
>
> This causes stronger blast waves and thermal radiation pulses at the
> surface than would be predicted by an explosion limited to the height at
> which the blast was initiated.
>
> "Our understanding was oversimplified," says Boslough, "We no longer have
> to make the same simplifying assumptions, because present-day
> supercomputers allow us to do things with high resolution in 3-D.
> Everything gets clearer as you
> look at things with more refined tools."
>
> Sandia is a National Nuclear Security Administration laboratory.
>
>
> The new interpretation also accounts for the fact that winds were
> amplified above ridgelines where trees tended to be blown down, and that
> the forest at the time of the explosion, according to foresters, was not
> healthy. Thus previous scientific estimates had overstated the devastation
> caused by the asteroid, since topographic and ecologic factors
> contributing to the result had not been taken into account.
>
> "There's actually less devastation than previously thought," says
> Boslough,
> "but
> it was caused by a far smaller asteroid. Unfortunately, it's not a
> complete wash in terms of the potential hazard, because there are more
> smaller asteroids than larger ones."
>
> Boslough and colleagues achieved fame more than a decade ago by
> accurately predicting that that the fireball caused by the intersection of
> the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter would be observable from Earth.
>
>
> Simulations show that the material of an incoming asteroid is compressed
> by the increasing resistance of Earth's atmosphere. As it penetrates
> deeper, the more and more resistant atmospheric wall causes it to explode
> as an airburst that precipitates the downward flow of heated gas.
>
> Because of the additional energy transported toward the surface by the
> fireball, what scientists had thought to be an explosion between 10 and 20
> megatons was more likely only three to five megatons. The physical size of
> the asteroid, says Boslough, depends upon its speed and whether it is
> porous or nonporous, icy or waterless, and other material characteristics.
>
> "Any strategy for defense or deflection should take into consideration
> this revised understanding of the mechanism of explosion," says Boslough.
>
> One of most prominent papers in estimating frequency of impact was
> published five years ago in Nature by Sandia researcher Dick Spalding and
> his colleagues, from satellite data on explosions in atmosphere. "They can
> count those events and estimate frequencies of arrival through
> probabilistic arguments," says Boslough.
>
>
> The work was presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San
> Francisco on Dec. 11. A paper on the phenomenon, co-authored by Sandia
> researcher Dave Crawford and entitled "Low-altitude airbursts and the
> impact threat" has been accepted for publication in the International
> Journal of
> Impact
> Engineering.
>
>
> The research was paid for by Sandia's Laboratory-Directed Research and
> Development office.
>
>
>
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Received on Wed 19 Dec 2007 09:15:38 PM PST