[meteorite-list] Watery Asteroid Discovered in Dying Star Points to Habitable Exoplanets

From: Ron Baalke <baalke_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Oct 2013 14:13:26 -0700 (PDT)
Message-ID: <201310102113.r9ALDQUo017098_at_zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>

http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/watery_asteroid_discovered_in_dying_star_points_to_habitable_exoplanets

Watery Asteroid Discovered in Dying Star Points to Habitable Exoplanets
W. M. Keck Observatory
October 10, 2013

Kamuela, HI -- Astronomers have found the shattered remains of an asteroid
that contained huge amounts of water orbiting an exhausted star, or white
dwarf. This suggests that the star GD 61 and its planetary system - located
about 150 light years away and at the end of its life - had the potential
to contain Earth-like exoplanets.

The new research findings used data collected from NASA's Hubble Space
Telescope, both of W. M. Keck Observatory's Keck I and Keck II telescopes,
as well NASA's FUSE telescope, and are reported today in the journal Science.

This is the first time both water and a rocky surface - two key ingredients
for habitable planets - have been found together beyond our solar system.

Earth is essentially a "dry" planet, with only 0.02% of its mass as surface
water, meaning oceans came long after it had formed; most likely when
water-rich asteroids in the solar system crashed into our planet.

The asteroid analyzed is composed of 26% water mass, very similar to Ceres,
the largest asteroid in the main belt of our solar system. Both are vastly
more water-rich compared with Earth.

The new discovery shows the same water delivery system could have occurred
in this distant, dying star's solar system - as latest evidence points
to it containing a similar type of water-rich asteroid that would have
first brought water to Earth.

Astronomers at the Universities of Cambridge and Warwick say this is the
first "reliable evidence' for water-rich, rocky planetary material in
any extrasolar planetary system.

The scientists, led by Cambridge's Institute of Astronomy's Jay Farihi,
describe it as a "look into our future". Six billion years from now, alien
astronomers studying the rocky remains around our burned out sun might
reach the same conclusion: terrestrial planets once circled our parent
star.

All rocky planets form from the accumulation of asteroids, growing until
full size, so asteroids are essentially the 'building blocks' of planets.

"The finding of water in a large asteroid means the building blocks of
habitable planets existed - and maybe still exist - in the GD 61 system,
and likely also around a substantial number of similar parent stars,"
Farihi said.

"These water-rich building blocks, and the terrestrial planets they build,
may in fact be common - a system cannot create things as big as asteroids
and avoid building planets, and GD 61 had the ingredients to deliver lots
of water to their surfaces," Farihi said. "Our results demonstrate that
there was definitely potential for habitable planets in this exoplanetary
system."

The detected water most likely came from a minor planet, at least 90 km
in diameter but probably much larger, that once orbited the GD 61 star
before it became a white dwarf around 200 million years ago.

Previous and current astronomical observations have measured the size
and density of exoplanets, but not their composition, because conventional
work was only done on planets orbiting living stars.

But the only way to see what a distant planet is made of is to take it
apart, say the researchers, and nature does this in a dying white dwarf
system through its extreme gravitational pull - sucking in and shredding
the surrounding material.

This debris was chemically analyzed using powerful spectrograph instruments
installed on the Keck I and Keck II telescopes to detect a range of elemental
abundances in the white dwarf's contaminated atmosphere, including magnesium,
silicon and iron, which, together with oxygen are the main components
of rocks.

By calculating the number of these elements relative to oxygen, the researchers
were able to predict how much oxygen should be in the atmosphere of the
white dwarf - but they found significantly more oxygen than if there were
only rocks.

"This oxygen excess can be carried by either water or carbon, and in this
star there is virtually no carbon - indicating there must have been substantial
water," said co-author Boris G?nsicke, from the University of Warwick.

"This also rules out comets, which are rich in both water and carbon compounds,
so we knew we were looking at a rocky asteroid with substantial water
content - perhaps in the form of subsurface ice - like the asteroids we
know in our solar system such as Ceres," G?nsicke said.

The team used the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard Hubble to obtain
precise oxygen levels in the white dwarf's debris, with chemical analysis
computed by team member Detlev Koester from the University of Kiel.

The planetary bodies such as these asteroids that fall into and pollute
this dying star - which, in its heyday, was three times heavier than our
sun - also reveal that giant exoplanets probably still exist in this remote
and withering system.

"In order for the asteroids to pass sufficiently close to the white dwarf
to be shredded, then eaten, they must be perturbed from the asteroid belt
- essentially pushed - by a massive object like a giant planet," said
Farihi.

"These asteroids tell us that the GD 61 system had - or still has - rocky,
terrestrial planets, and the way they pollute the white dwarf tells us
that giant planets probably still exist there," he said. 'This supports
the idea that the star originally had a full complement of terrestrial
planets, and probably gas giant planets, orbiting it - a complex system
similar to our own."

The W. M. Keck Observatory operates the largest, most scientifically productive
telescopes on Earth. The two, 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on
the summit of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii feature a suite of advanced
instruments including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution
spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy and a world-leading laser guide
star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a private 501(c) 3 non-profit
organization and a scientific partnership of the California Institute
of Technology, the University of California and NASA.
Received on Thu 10 Oct 2013 05:13:26 PM PDT