[meteorite-list] New, long, Carancas article
From: Jerry <grf2_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Fri, 04 Apr 2008 17:11:22 -0400 Message-ID: <E684CA28027E42CBB8FD21A35AD5646A_at_Notebook> True, rather poor choice. I'm just quoting. Jerry Flaherty ----- Original Message ----- From: "Sean T. Murray" <stm at bellsouth.net> To: <meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com> Sent: Friday, April 04, 2008 4:52 PM Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] New, long, Carancas article > So... a Ford Taurus is an example of a vehicle with miminal friction? > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Jerry" <grf2 at verizon.net> > To: <cynapse at charter.net>; <meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com> > Cc: <meteoriteguy at yahoo.com> > Sent: Friday, April 04, 2008 3:39 PM > Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] New, long, Carancas article > > >> "It's like having a Volkswagen turn into a Ford Taurus," Schultz said, >> adding >> that this sort of reshaping is well known to geologists who study islands >> and >> land-water interaction. "If you put a big pile of dirt in a stream, that >> mound >> will eventually turn into a teardrop shape. It's trying to minimize the >> friction." >> Just wht Sterlng has been proposing for the last few months. >> Jerry Flaherty >> ----- Original Message ----- >> From: "Darren Garrison" <cynapse at charter.net> >> To: <meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com> >> Cc: <meteoriteguy at yahoo.com> >> Sent: Friday, April 04, 2008 12:25 PM >> Subject: [meteorite-list] New, long, Carancas article >> >> >>> Hey, Mike, did you know that you and your team of poachers recovered 10 >>> kilos of >>> Carancas? >>> >>> http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2008/04/04/Features/Professor.Solves.A.Meteor.Mystery-3304236.shtml >>> >>> Professor solves a meteor mystery >>> By: Chaz Firestone >>> Posted: 4/4/08 >>> Last September, something strange landed near the rural Peruvian village >>> of >>> Carancas. Two months later, so did Peter Schultz. >>> >>> One was an extraterrestrial fireball that struck the Earth at 10,000 >>> miles per >>> hour, formed a bubbling crater nearly 50 feet wide and afflicted local >>> villagers >>> and livestock with a mysterious illness. The other is the Brown >>> geologist who >>> may have figured out why. >>> >>> The fiery mass shot across the morning sky bursting and crackling like >>> fireworks, villagers said after the Sept. 15 impact. An explosive crash >>> tossed >>> nearby locals to the ground, shattered windows one kilometer away and >>> kicked up >>> a massive dust cloud, covering one man from head to toe in a fine white >>> powder. >>> Many thought the streaking fireball - brighter than the sun, by some >>> accounts - >>> was an aerial attack from neighboring Chile. >>> >>> Curious shepherds and farmers approached the crash site to find a >>> smoking crater >>> reminiscent of a Hollywood film, laden with rocks and stirring with >>> bubbling >>> water that emitted a foul vapor. But curiosity turned to fear when >>> unexplained >>> symptoms began to crop up in Carancas: headaches, vomiting and skin >>> lesions >>> struck more than 150 villagers, Peru's Ministry of Health stated days >>> later. >>> Locals reported that their animals lost their appetites and bled from >>> their >>> noses. Children were restless and cried through the night. >>> >>> But according to Schultz, the professor of geological sciences who >>> visited the >>> site last December, the true mystery in Carancas is how any of this >>> happened in >>> the first place. >>> >>> Sophisticated theory and conventional wisdom have long agreed that most >>> meteors >>> break into fragments and fizzle out before they can reach the Earth's >>> surface. >>> Even those large and durable enough to make it through the atmosphere >>> hit the >>> ground as ghosts of their former selves, "plopping out of the sky and >>> forming a >>> bullet hole in the Earth," Schultz said. "This meteor crashed into the >>> Earth at >>> three kilometers per second, exploded and buried itself into the >>> ground." >>> >>> Last month, Schultz delivered a highly anticipated lecture at the 39th >>> Lunar and >>> Planetary Science Conference in League City, Texas. And if he's right, >>> the bold >>> theory he proposed there may shake loose a "gut response" entrenched >>> within the >>> geological, physical and astronomical sciences: "Carancas simply should >>> not have >>> happened." >>> >>> >>> >>> A Web of speculation >>> >>> The handful of shepherds who happened to lead their Alpaca herds near >>> the arroyo >>> that day may have been the first humans ever to witness an explosive >>> meteor >>> impact. But the rest of the world quickly got its chance, if >>> vicariously, >>> through a flurry of activity in the blogosphere. >>> >>> Hundreds of scientists, journalists and captivated amateurs weighed in >>> on the >>> bizarre events as they unfolded, offering scores of pet theories and >>> radically >>> revising them as more information streamed in from Peru. >>> >>> Pravda, a Russian online newspaper born out of a print version run by >>> the >>> country's former Communist Party, ran the headline "American spy >>> satellite >>> downed in Peru as U.S. nuclear attack on Iran thwarted" five days after >>> the >>> impact. The story attributes the villagers' illness to radiation >>> poisoning from >>> the satellite's plutonium power generator. >>> >>> Other proposed explanations were less sensational. Nevadan wildlife >>> biologist >>> and amateur geologist David Syzdek wrote a Sept. 18 blog post titled >>> "Meteorite >>> strike in Peru gassing villagers? Maybe not." In it, he proposed that a >>> mud >>> volcano producing toxic gases was responsible for both the illness and >>> the >>> crater. >>> >>> "The Andes are very active geologically so I think there is a good >>> possibility >>> that this crater was caused by an outburst of geothermal activity," he >>> wrote. >>> >>> As for the blinding light shooting across the sky, Syzdek chalked it up >>> to >>> coincidence. >>> >>> "Fireballs are quite common," he wrote. "One possible scenario is that >>> the >>> people who saw the fireball just happened on a recently formed mud >>> volcano while >>> they were out looking for the fireball impact site." >>> >>> Though Pravda and Syzdek drew radically different conclusions from the >>> reports, >>> what they shared with each other, many bloggers and even some scientists >>> was a >>> healthy skepticism about reports coming out of Peru. Pravda and Syzdek >>> both >>> pointed out in their posts that an explosion powerful enough to create >>> such a >>> large crater would be equivalent to 1,000 tons of TNT, or a tactical >>> nuclear >>> strike. >>> >>> "When I first saw the news reports, they just didn't seem right," Syzdek >>> later >>> said in an interview. "Explosive impacts like this just don't happen." >>> >>> >>> >>> 'A hyperspeed curveball' >>> >>> Gonzalo Tancredi, a Uruguayan astronomer who collaborated with Schultz >>> in >>> Carancas, said initial reports of the impact confounded amateurs and >>> Ph.D.s >>> alike. Bewildered scientists even entertained the possibility of a hoax >>> as >>> rumors floated around the scientific community. >>> >>> "At the beginning, there were some doubts about what really happened >>> there," >>> Tancredi said. "We thought maybe it was a meteor fall or maybe it was >>> something >>> else, even something fake." >>> >>> But when Tancredi visited Carancas a few weeks later, what he observed >>> silenced >>> the conspiracies and pointed unequivocally to one conclusion. >>> >>> Tancredi interviewed locals, who reported a large mushroom cloud that >>> formed >>> over the crater and compression waves that knocked villagers to the >>> ground. He >>> also found pieces of soil and rock that had been launched over three >>> football >>> fields from the crater - one piece even pierced the roof of a barn 100 >>> meters >>> away. Combined with analyses of infrasound detectors and the patterns of >>> crater >>> "ejecta," the evidence pointed to a genuine and very powerful meteorite >>> impact. >>> >>> But the question that remained on everyone's mind was how the meteor got >>> there >>> at all - a scientific riddle that was made even more challenging by >>> Michael >>> Farmer. >>> >>> Farmer is a controversial figure in the geological community. He is a >>> meteorite >>> hunter, a poacher of alien rocks who travels to impact sites around the >>> world - >>> usually the "bullet hole in the Earth" type mentioned by Schultz - and >>> collects >>> whatever he can find, often brushing up against authorities and other >>> hunters. >>> Meteorite hunting is Farmer's full-time job; he profits from selling >>> what he >>> finds. >>> >>> Farmer, who said he is "totally self-taught" when it comes to meteors, >>> said he >>> was as skeptical as the rest when he first heard the reports coming out >>> of Peru >>> while on hunt in Spain. But 16 days later, he and his partners found >>> themselves >>> staring into the Carancas impact crater, the first Americans on the >>> scene - and >>> they stumbled on an extraterrestrial gold mine. >>> >>> "We got there and just started picking up pieces off the ground," Farmer >>> said. >>> "The entire ground was white, just white powder which was all meteor." >>> >>> Farmer and his team eventually accumulated 10 kilograms of small >>> meteorite >>> fragments and sold them to private collectors and universities for an >>> astronomical $100 per gram. >>> >>> But despite his rocky past with the geological community, Farmer and his >>> expensive fragments made a priceless contribution to scientists. Within >>> minutes >>> of arriving on the scene, Farmer discovered that the Carancas meteorite >>> was a >>> chondrite, or stony meteorite, as opposed to an iron meteorite. >>> >>> Though far more common than iron meteorites, chondrites are highly >>> vulnerable to >>> ablation - the cracking, eroding and even exploding that occurs when a >>> meteor >>> enters the atmosphere and undergoes extreme changes in temperature and >>> pressure. >>> As a result, chondrites are far less likely than the more durable iron >>> meteorites to make it to the Earth's surface in large pieces - which >>> makes the >>> Carancas meteorite all the more baffling. >>> >>> "For a while, the only information we were getting was from Farmer's Web >>> site," >>> Schultz said. "This was not the type of object you'd expect to get >>> through the >>> atmosphere in a tight clump." >>> >>> With most pieces of the geological puzzle on the table, the stage was >>> set for >>> Schultz to visit the site for himself. But when he arrived there in >>> December >>> with a Brown graduate student, Tancredi and Peruvian astrophysicist Jose >>> Ishitsuka, a budding geologist actually made the crucial discovery. >>> Scott Harris >>> GS said he collected some soil samples "initially out of curiosity" to >>> look for >>> evidence of shock deformation, which occurs when an object rapidly >>> decelerates >>> in cases like impacts or explosions. When Harris looked at the material >>> under a >>> microscope, he found tiny mineral grains that had turned into glass >>> because of >>> heat and massive shock forces, indicating a very high-speed impact. Here >>> was yet >>> another mystifying piece of evidence. >>> >>> "At the minimum," Harris said, "this would support a velocity of three >>> kilometers per second - a real high-velocity explosion instead of just a >>> plop in >>> the ground." >>> >>> By this time, more reputable scientific theories of the impact had >>> supplanted >>> the initial speculation, the most popular of which came from a group in >>> Germany >>> and Russia. They proposed that the meteor entered the Earth's atmosphere >>> at a >>> very shallow angle, allowing it to reach the surface gradually and avoid >>> a >>> sudden increase in pressure - "the difference between diving in and >>> doing a >>> belly flop," Schultz said. >>> >>> But their theory's relatively low impact velocity of 180 meters per >>> second, or >>> about 400 miles per hour, was consistent with every piece of evidence >>> but >>> Harris', which pointed to a velocity of about 10,000 miles per hour at >>> impact. >>> >>> "This was nature's way of throwing us a curveball," Schultz said. "A >>> hyperspeed >>> curveball." >>> >>> >>> >>> Changing shape, changing theory >>> >>> Back home in Providence, Schultz was now faced with the task of fitting >>> the >>> puzzle pieces together into a cohesive theory. And to do it, he looked >>> to >>> Earth's closest planetary neighbor, Venus. >>> >>> "Our models make predictions about what kind of objects can make it to >>> the >>> surface at what velocity, and the Carancas meteor isn't usually one of >>> them," >>> Schultz said. "But Venus has a much denser atmosphere and we still find >>> craters >>> on its surface. How did they get there? I think it might be the same >>> thing >>> here." >>> >>> To explain the alternative theory he developed, Schultz compared a >>> typical >>> meteor's descent to a waterskier behind a boat. >>> >>> "Normally when you're on the outside of the wake, you're pushed out >>> further," >>> Schultz said. "From my experience looking at Venus, I realized that >>> there was a >>> certain condition where the waterskier will stay inside the wake, and >>> actually >>> get pushed inward." >>> >>> At last month's Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Schultz proposed >>> that >>> the meteor did break up into pieces, but shock waves created by the >>> speeding >>> mass may have kept them close together. And since the meteor descended >>> as a >>> clump of fragments instead of one large piece, it reshaped itself along >>> the way >>> to become more aerodynamic, like a football or a javelin cutting through >>> the air >>> instead of a poorly shaped hunk of rock. >>> >>> "It's like having a Volkswagen turn into a Ford Taurus," Schultz said, >>> adding >>> that this sort of reshaping is well known to geologists who study >>> islands and >>> land-water interaction. "If you put a big pile of dirt in a stream, that >>> mound >>> will eventually turn into a teardrop shape. It's trying to minimize the >>> friction." >>> >>> Tancredi, who co-authored the paper with Schultz, Harris and Ishitsuka, >>> said >>> Schultz's theory is gaining popularity but is still being debated, even >>> among >>> the group that proposed it. >>> >>> "This is the hot question right now," he said. "We still have to >>> demonstrate >>> that this phenomenon is possible." >>> >>> In the meantime, another hot question had remained without a definitive >>> answer - >>> the etiology of the strange illness that afflicted the people of >>> Carancas. But >>> the group may solve that mystery, too. >>> >>> Schultz, Harris and Tancredi all dismissed the possibility of the >>> meteorite >>> emitting harmful gases that would sicken villagers. Instead, they >>> proposed a >>> simpler cause: the power of the mind. >>> >>> The meteorite impact sent out a powerful compression wave that knocked >>> nearby >>> villagers and animals to the ground and injected the soil with air, >>> which later >>> bubbled up through the crater. Shepherds and cattle may also have >>> breathed in >>> the thick dust thrown up by the crash and smelled the sulfurous gases >>> produced >>> as water reacted with iron sulfide in the meteor. >>> >>> But what the group thinks later spread through the town was not disease, >>> but >>> panic. >>> >>> "We think it was probably more of a psychological response," Harris >>> said, adding >>> that commonplace symptoms like headaches and nausea could easily have >>> been >>> caused by the disorienting impact and then mirrored by frightened >>> villagers. >>> >>> Harris also admitted the possibility of the meteorite releasing arsenic >>> deposits, which are known to exist in Peru, but said it would be very >>> unlikely >>> for those gases to have caused the illness. >>> >>> "In order to really get arsenic poisoning, you'd need high >>> concentrations," he >>> said. "You'd have to be there inhaling the vapor filled with the stuff >>> right >>> after the meteorite hit." >>> >>> Poisonous or not, the Carancas meteorite could have important >>> implications for >>> public safety. Tancredi said there's no reason an impact like this >>> couldn't >>> happen in a major city, wiping out a few city blocks. He also pointed >>> out that >>> today's most advanced meteor detectors aren't nearly powerful enough to >>> detect >>> an object as small as the Carancas meteorite. >>> >>> "Near-Earth detectors detect objects that could create a global >>> catastrophe, >>> something maybe a kilometer across," he said. "We don't have any kind of >>> technology that could detect this object before reaching the atmosphere, >>> so it >>> will not be possible to know when and where one of these objects could >>> strike >>> again." >>> >>> But Schultz said the most important lesson to learn from Carancas is >>> that the >>> foundation of good science is hard empirical evidence, even - and >>> especially - >>> when it contradicts established principle. >>> >>> "We tried to understand what the rocks told us rather than looking at >>> the >>> theory," he said. "Nature trumps theory, every time." >>> ______________________________________________ >>> http://www.meteoritecentral.com >>> Meteorite-list mailing list >>> Meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com >>> http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list >> >> ______________________________________________ >> http://www.meteoritecentral.com >> Meteorite-list mailing list >> Meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com >> http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list >> > > > ______________________________________________ > http://www.meteoritecentral.com > Meteorite-list mailing list > Meteorite-list at meteoritecentral.com > http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list Received on Fri 04 Apr 2008 05:11:22 PM PDT |
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