[meteorite-list] Growing Tiny Totally Tubular Formations

From: Ron Baalke <baalke_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Tue Jul 27 16:40:19 2004
Message-ID: <200407272034.NAA13525_at_zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>

GROWING TINY TOTALLY TUBULAR FORMATIONS
>From Mari N. Jensen, UA News Services, 520-626-9635
July 27, 2004

An accidental discovery may provide insights into the creation of tubular
structures such as those found in caves and at hydrothermal vents.

While doing some electroplating work for a class project, David Stone
stumbled upon a way to grow tiny tubes that look like the cave formations
known as soda straws. At the time, Stone, a former sculptor and foundry
worker, had just returned to school.

"I botched the experiment. I can still remember being in my carport, picking
up the cathode and thinking, 'Oh shoot,'" he said. "And as I held it up to
my head to throw it into the garbage, I noticed tubes growing on it. I
thought, 'Hmm, tubes.'"

The tubes from the failed experiment intrigued him, so he showed the
structures to several faculty members at the University of Arizona in
Tucson, including UA physics professor Raymond E. Goldstein.

"I was just bowled over when I saw it," Goldstein said. "It looked like
something formed by a living organism."

So Goldstein and Stone, now a doctoral candidate in UA's department of soil,
water and environmental science, teamed up to figure out how the fascinating
tubules formed.

Their paper, "Tubular precipitation and redox gradients on a bubbling
template," will be published in the early online edition of the Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences the week of July 26. The research was
funded by the Research Corporation and the National Science Foundation.

Tubular structures in nature span a range of sizes and locations, from giant
chimneys at hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean to tiny tubes formed on
corroding iron.

But how such things develop is not well understood.

To expand Stone's carport experiment, he and Goldstein used a setup similar
to that used for electroplating. They constructed a rectangular glass
chamber about four inches tall with a positively charged iron electrode on
the top and a negatively charged iron electrode on the bottom. The
researchers filled the container with mixture of water, ammonium, iron and
sulfates and turned on the current.

The electric current split water into hydrogen and oxygen. As expected, tiny
hydrogen bubbles gathered on the negatively charged electrode, grew larger
and then broke away.

To the researchers' surprise, after tens of minutes the electrode was
covered with a forest of small tubes, which the scientists dubbed
"ferrotubes."

To study the growth of ferrotubes, the researchers filmed their experiments.

Stone said, "We used a camera with this incredible microscope of a lens that
would allow us to peer into this solution better than any human eye. It's
dark in there, there's stuff swirling around. With just a little light we
could see for the first time, that, Ah! There's this obvious film forming
around the bubble."

The bubbles are tiny, about one-eighth inch in diameter. As a bubble grows,
a thin film forms on the bubble and then breaks apart as the bubble
detaches. A bit of the film is left as a circular residue on the electrode.

That film, a special type of iron oxide known as green rust, forms when
ammonia gas inside the bubble meets the iron dissolved in the surrounding
fluid, say the scientists.

Each time a bubble forms and breaks, a bit of the film, or precipitate, is
left. That ring of precipitate guides subsequent tube formation. As the
precipitate builds up, a tiny tube of iron oxides -- rust -- develops.

Goldstein said, "The tube is a guide for the bubble, and the bubble is the
template for the tube."

In nature, such formations as soda straws in caves take hundreds or
thousands of years to form. But in the laboratory, Stone and Goldstein can
grow a miniature forest of one-inch-long, one-eighth-inch-diameter tubules
in one to two hours.

"It's a controllable system that can be studied in the laboratory on human
time scales instead of just coming upon it after the fact," said Goldstein.

That control has allowed the team to figure out exactly how the tubes are
formed. A better understanding of the process will let the researchers model
how natural structures, such as cave formations, are made.

Tubular structures found on a Martian meteorite had been suggested as
evidence of life, he said.

Goldstein pointed out that finding a chemical means to grow such
self-organizing systems highlights the fact that living organisms are not
needed to create such structures.

"Such tubes can be generated and yet have nothing to do with life," he said.

Raymond Goldstein's Website
http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~gold/
Received on Tue 27 Jul 2004 04:34:13 PM PDT