[meteorite-list] Pushing Out The Kuiper Belt

From: Ron Baalke <baalke_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Thu Apr 22 10:27:54 2004
Message-ID: <200311290520.VAA15883_at_zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>

http://www.swri.org/9what/releases/Kuiper.htm

Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) News

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Pushing out the Kuiper belt

Boulder, Colorado -- A new study by researchers at Southwest Research Institute
(SwRI) and the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur provides an explanation for one of
the more mysterious aspects of the population of objects beyond Neptune. In
doing so, it provides a unique glimpse into the proto-planetary disk from which
the Solar System's planets formed. Results will be published in the November 27
issue of Nature.

The Kuiper belt is a region of the Solar System that extends outward from
Neptune's orbit, containing billions of icy objects from kilometers to thousands
of kilometers across. It was discovered in 1992 and, since that time nearly
1,000 objects have been cataloged. Some of these objects are very large -- the
largest having a diameter of more than 1,000 kilometers.

As astronomers have studied this structure, a mystery has unfolded. Like most of
the planets in the Solar System, the large Kuiper belt objects are believed to
have been formed from smaller objects that stuck together when they collided.
For this process to have worked in the distant regions beyond Neptune, the
Kuiper belt would have to contain more than 10 times the amount of material than
is in the Earth. However, telescopic surveys of this region show that it
currently contains roughly one-tenth the mass of the Earth, or less.

To solve the puzzle, researchers have been searching for several years for a way
to remove more than 99 percent of the Kuiper belt's material. However, Dr.
Harold Levison (SwRI) and Dr. Alessandro Morbidelli (Observatoire de la Côte
d'Azur of Nice, France) describe in their article, "Forming the Kuiper Belt by
the Outerward Transport of Objects During Neptune's Migration," that the Kuiper
belt may not have lost much mass at all.

"The mass depletion problem has been sticking in our throat for some time," says
Levison, a staff scientist in the SwRI Space Studies Department. "It looks like
we may finally have a possible answer."

Levison and Morbidelli argue that the proto-planetary disk from which the
planets, asteroids and comets all formed had a heretofore unanticipated edge at
the current location of Neptune, which is at 30 astronomical units (AU, the
average distance between the Sun and Earth), and that the region now occupied by
the Kuiper belt was empty. All the Kuiper belt objects we see beyond Neptune
formed much closer to the Sun and were transported outward during the final
stages of planet formation.

Researchers have known for 20 years that the orbits of the giant planets moved
around as they formed. In particular, Uranus and Neptune formed closer to the
Sun and migrated outward. Levison and Morbidelli show that Neptune could have
pushed all the observed Kuiper belt objects outward as it migrated.

"We really didn't solve the mass depletion problem, we circumvented it," says
Levison. "According to our work, the void beyond Neptune was probably devoid of
objects."

However, in this model, the region interior to 30 AU contained enough material
for the Kuiper belt objects to form. The mechanisms employed by Neptune to push
out the Kuiper belt only affected a small fraction of the objects. These became
the objects seen by astronomers; the rest were scattered out of the Solar System
by Neptune. This new theory explains many of the observable features of the
outer Solar System, including the characteristics of the orbits of the Kuiper
belt objects and the location of Neptune.

"One of the puzzling aspects of Neptune's migration is why it stopped where it
did," says Morbidelli. "Our new model explains this as well. Neptune migrated
until it hit the edge of the proto-planetary disk, at which point it abruptly
stopped."

NASA, the National Science Foundation and the Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique in Paris funded this research.
Received on Sat 29 Nov 2003 12:20:26 AM PST